Despite continuing controversies regarding the vital status of both brain-dead donors and individuals who undergo donation after circulatory death (DCD), respecting the dead donor rule (DDR) remains the standard moral framework for organ procurement. The DDR increases organ supply without jeopardizing trust in transplantation systems, reassuring society that donors will not experience harm during organ procurement. While the assumption that individuals cannot be harmed once they are dead is reasonable in the case of brain-dead protocols, we argue that the DDR (...) is not an acceptable strategy to protect donors from harm in DCD protocols. We propose a threefold alternative to justify organ procurement practices: (1) ensuring that donors are sufficiently protected from harm; (2) ensuring that they are respected through informed consent; and (3) ensuring that society is fully informed of the inherently debatable nature of any criterion to declare death. (shrink)

En este artículo analizo la aproximación “estética” de Malcolm Budd a la naturaleza, que sostiene que el modo correcto de experimentar la naturaleza es “como naturaleza” y no como arte. Estudio su relación con la idea kantiana de belleza libre y trato de mostrar que la belleza libre es un recurso teórico que deriva de la inevitable belleza dependiente. asimismo, basándome en la filosofía de Joseph Margolis, pretendo mostrar que “la naturaleza como naturaleza” es también un artefacto cultural.

Título: Didáctica de geografía e historia en educación primaria Autor: Laura Arias Ferrer y Alejandro Egea Vivancos Edición: Editorial Síntesis Lugar de publicación: Madrid Año: 2022 Idioma: Español ISBN: 978-84-1357-231-4 Páginas: 198.

Introduction: an imaginary crisis? reframing green politics -- Nature and society: society within nature; nature within society; from nature to human environment -- Sustainability after the end of nature: the principle of sustainability; the politics of sustainability -- Towards a green liberal society: green politics, democracy and liberalism; can we democratise sustainability?; ecological citizenship and sustainability -- Conclusion: the future of green politics.

This book brings together the most current thinking about the Anthropocene in the field of Environmental Political Theory ('EPT'). It displays the distinctive contribution EPT makes to the task of thinking through what 'the environment' means in this time of pervasive human influence over natural systems. Across its chapters the book helps develop the idea of 'socionatural relations'--an idea that frames the environment in the Anthropocene in terms of the interconnected relationship between human beings and their surroundings. Coming from both (...) well-established and newer voices in the field, the chapters in the book show the diversity of points of view theorists take toward the Anthropocene idea, and socionatural relations more generally. However, all the chapters exemplify a characteristic of work in EPT: the self-conscious effort to provide normative interpretations that are responsive to scientific accounts. The Introduction explains the complicated interaction between science and EPT, showing how it positions EPT to consider the Anthropocene. And the Afterword, by a pioneer in the field, relates all the chapters to a perspective that has been deeply influential in EPT. This book will be of interest to scholars already engaged in EPT. But it will also serve as an introduction to the field for students of Political Theory, Philosophy, Environmental Studies, and related disciplines, who will learn about the EPT approach from the Introduction, and then see it applied to the pressing question of the Anthropocene in the ensuing chapters. The book will also help readers interested in the Anthropocene from any disciplinary perspective develop a critical understanding of its political meanings. (shrink)

En el presente artículo, una vez expuestas las diversas teorías de la risa, se defiende que la risa básica (la que no tiene función social) tiene como elemento necesario, aunque no suficiente, la incongruencia. Asimismo, se postula que el chiste, generado primariamente para hacer reír, se constituye en paradigma hermenéutico de comprensión que proporciona una nueva visión de un estado de cosas y rompe lo que naturalmente cabía esperar del decurso del relato. Aunque haya un entorno de interpretaciones posibles, sólo (...) una es la correcta, y ésa es la que convierte al chiste en lo que es. In this paper, after introducing the different theories of laughter, we defend that basic laughter (that one without a social function) has incongruity as its necessary, though not sufficient, element. Besides, we propose the joke (made primarily to provoke laughter) as a hermeneutic paradigm of understanding that provides a new view of a state of affairs, and breaks with what should be naturally expected from the course of the narrative. Even though there is a series of possible interpretations, only one is the right one, and that is the one that makes the joke a joke. (shrink)

Arthur Danto's theory of art contains a theological way of thinking about indiscernible realities that have been the subject of theological dispute for almost two millennia. This long tradition raises new questions for how to understand that theory. Transfiguration – metamorphosis – necessarily involves a change at some point in appearance or in what Danto treats as aesthetic properties inessential to the being of art. Transubstantiation means an ontological change that excludes a priori any perceptible difference. Danto often insists on (...) this very particular aspect when he explains the relationship between artworks and commonplace objects: a non‐art object can look exactly like an artwork. In the Catholic tradition, transubstantiation can occur only if those performing the sacrament act faithfully and in conformity to a tradition. Danto's theory is understand better by reference to transubstantiation than to transfiguration. (shrink)

Recensión de A. Rubio Castro (ed.), Los desafíos de la Familia Matrimonial (Estudio Multidisciplinar en Derecho de Familia), Instituto Andaluz de la Mujer, Sevilla, 2000.

La cuestión de si el arte nos proporciona conocimiento no es nueva, sino que entronca con las reflexiones más antiguas en la teoría del arte. Sin embargo, contemporáneamente ha cobrado una gran importancia en los debates estéticos, porque buena parte del valor del arte se juega en la respuesta que se dé a esta cuestión. En el presente trabajo distinguimos dos preguntas: la epistémica (¿puede el arte proporcionar conocimiento) y la estética (si el arte proporciona conocimiento, ¿incrementa eso su valor (...) como arte?), y exponemos los argumentos cognitivistas y los anticognitivistas más importantes, tanto del ámbito anglosajón como del denominado continental. (shrink)

Contemporáneamente se reivindica la certeza en todos los espacios, también en el de la creencia: si una creencia no puede certificarse (hecha cierta), se considera infundada. En este artículo me propongo analizar la noción de “certeza” con ayuda de las reflexiones de Wittgenstein y aplicar ese análisis al caso particular de la creencia religiosa. Al mismo tiempo, trato de mostrar que cuando se defiende o se critica que la creencia ha de venir avalada por razones, se invoca una determinada arquitectura (...) epistémica que singulariza la razón como una facultad cuyas posibilidades y cuyo modo de funcionamiento vienen impuestos por la naturaleza del objeto conocido, que a su vez ha sido determinada por la razón misma. En este aparente círculo vicioso, es necesario revisar la idea de “razón” para permitir que la realidad, con su riqueza, pueda ser abordada con “razones”. (shrink)

La apertura contemporánea del concepto de ¿arte¿ nos obliga a buscar un nuevo modelo de diálogo institucionalizado, una estética dialógica que pueda dar lugar a una estética de mínimos que delinee las líneas maestras para reconocer algo como arte y proporcionar al espíritu creador un marco en el que desarrollarse.

Since the 1960s, organ procurement policies have relied on the boundary of death—advertised as though it were a factual, value‐free, and unobjectionable event—to foster organ donation while minimizing controversy. Death determination, however, involves both discoveries of facts and events and decisions about their meaning (whether the facts and events are relevant to establish a vital status), the latter being subjected to legitimate disagreements requiring deliberation. By revisiting the historical origin of the dead donor rule, including some events that took place (...) in France prior to the report by the Ad Hoc Committee of the Harvard Medical School to Examine the Definition of Brain Death, I want to recall that those who first promoted the DDR did not take into account any scientific rationale to support the new proposed criteria to determine death. Rather, through a process of factual re‐semantization, they authorized themselves to decide about the meaning of death in order to implicitly prioritize the interests of organ recipients over those of dying people. (shrink)

Bioethicists involved in end‐of‐life debates routinely distinguish between ‘killing’ and ‘letting die’. Meanwhile, previous work in cognitive science has revealed that when people characterize behaviour as either actively ‘doing’ or passively ‘allowing’, they do so not purely on descriptive grounds, but also as a function of the behaviour’s perceived morality. In the present report, we extend this line of research by examining how medical students and professionals (N = 184) and laypeople (N = 122) describe physicians’ behaviour in end‐of‐life scenarios. (...) We show that the distinction between ‘ending’ a patient’s life and ‘allowing’ it to end arises from morally motivated causal selection. That is, when a patient wishes to die, her illness is treated as the cause of death and the doctor is seen as merely allowing her life to end. In contrast, when a patient does not wish to die, the doctor’s behaviour is treated as the cause of death and, consequently, the doctor is described as ending the patient’s life. This effect emerged regardless of whether the doctor’s behaviour was omissive (as in withholding treatment) or commissive (as in applying a lethal injection). In other words, patient consent shapes causal selection in end‐of‐life situations, and in turn determines whether physicians are seen as ‘killing’ patients, or merely as ‘enabling’ their death. (shrink)

La distinción entre arte culto y arte popular, como un caso particular de la distinción entre alta cultura y cultura popular, forma parte de los principios de la teoría estética. En este artículo tratamos de ver cuál es el fundamento de la misma, así como de analizar el trasfondo estético de las críticas al arte popular, para, desde ahí, emprender una defensa del mismo en el ámbito de la teoría del arte, con la intención de situarla en paridad con el (...) arte culto, es decir, como un producto que puede no sólo satisfacer los criterios de la tradición estética, sino que, además, puede enriquecer el concepto tradicional de lo estético y aspirar al mismo valor que el arte consagrado. (shrink)

Researchers working in the field of ecosystem services (ES) have long acknowledged the importance of recognising multiple values in ecosystems and biodiversity. Yet the operationalisation of value pluralism in ES assessments remains largely elusive. The aim of this research is to present a taxonomy of values and valuation methods to widen the evaluative space for ES. First, we present our preanalytic positions in regards to the values and valuation of ES. Second, we review different value definitions that we deem relevant (...) for the discussion of ES valuation. Third, we propose a taxonomy of ES values based on different conceptions of human–nature relationships. Finally, we present a taxonomy of different methods that can be used to recognise plural values in ES. This taxonomy for a plural valuation can help ES scientists and practitioners with their aim of representing people's multiple and context-specific ways of valuing nature. The taxonomy can also serve to pay broader attention to ES values that are overlooked or misrepresented in assessments that restrict their focus to monetary valuations. (shrink)

El texto que presentamos recoge las principales conclusiones que han derivado de los estudios sobre la Colección de documentos árabes del Archivo Histórico Provincial de Granada. Compuesta principalmente por documentos de carácter jurídico, el análisis del contenido de cada uno de ellos en relación con la materialidad del soporte y las tintas así como la coincidencia en el diseño y planificación de la página revelan el uso de idénticos protocolos de ejecución. Esta investigación nos está permitiendo, además, establecer coincidencias relevantes (...) relacionadas con los procesos de elaboración del papel entre los últimos años de permanencia de los árabes en la Península Ibérica y los primeros tras la incorporación del territorio a la Corona de Castilla y, sobre todo, con el modo de ejecutar el documento de archivo en sus formas externa e interna. (shrink)

En el presente artículo se relee el artículo de Fr. Buenaventura García de Paredes O P sobre la belleza en santo Tomás, publicado en los números 6 y 7 de Ciencia Tomista, en 1911, a la luz de las investigaciones actuales, ponderando la validez del mismo y tratando de condensar las investigaciones más actuales sobre la cuestión de la belleza en el Aquinate a la altura del siglo XXI. Se presta atención a la percepción de la belleza, a la discusión (...) de su carácter trascendental y a otros aspectos que demuestran la vigencia del pensamiento tomista en el debate contemporáneo.In this paper we read anew the paper published by Buenaventura García de Paredes O P in the issues 6 and 7 of Ciencia Tomista in 1911, on beauty in Aquinas, in the light of current research, acknowledging its validity and taking into account the most contemporary investigations on the question of beauty in Aquinas . We pay special attention to the perception of beauty, the question of its trascendentality and other aspects that show the applicability of the Thomist thought in contemporary debates. (shrink)

Currently, art takes on the characteristics of a secular religion: it offers identity, dogmas, canons, experiences of transcendence and provides a certain worldly salvation without demanding any commitment to a creed or a doctrine. I will illustrate this through the example of the performance Marina Abramovic carried out at the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) in The Artist is Present (2010). I will connect this to the distinction that Agamben has set between the concepts of secularization and desecration: while secularization (...) displaces the forces from one place to another, leaving them intact, desecration involves neutralizing the desecrated, eliminating its aura and putting it back to use. Even though it is commonly believed that contemporary art desecrates realities, I will try to show that actually it secularizes them. Art brings with it the strength and meaning of the religious and keeps the integrity of the auratic space within the artistic realm. This is one of the reasons why transgression in art is such an important topic for theorists: it is a constant effort to redefine the limits between what is considered sacred (and art has a decisive power on that) and what is profane (not sacred anymore or not yet). (shrink)

The American Journal of Bioethics, Volume 11, Issue 8, Page W4-W6, August 2011.

This study examined health professionals’ (HPs) experience, beliefs and attitudes towards brain death (BD) and two types of donation after circulatory death (DCD)—controlled and uncontrolled DCD. Five hundred and eighty-seven HPs likely to be involved in the process of organ procurement were interviewed in 14 hospitals with transplant programs in France, Spain and the US. Three potential donation scenarios—BD, uncontrolled DCD and controlled DCD—were presented to study subjects during individual face-to-face interviews. Our study has two main findings: (1) In the (...) context of organ procurement, HPs believe that BD is a more reliable standard for determining death than circulatory death, and (2) While the vast majority of HPs consider it morally acceptable to retrieve organs from brain-dead donors, retrieving organs from DCD patients is much more controversial. We offer the following possible explanations. DCD introduces new conditions that deviate from standard medical practice, allow procurement of organs when donors’ loss of circulatory function could be reversed, and raises questions about “death” as a unified concept. Our results suggest that, for many HPs, these concerns seem related in part to the fact that a rigorous brain examination is neither clinically performed nor legally required in DCD. Their discomfort could also come from a belief that irreversible loss of circulatory function has not been adequately demonstrated. If DCD protocols are to achieve their full potential for increasing organ supply, the sources of HPs’ discomfort must be further identified and addressed. (shrink)

En este texto se presenta una lectura crítica de las definiciones de arte que lo vinculan de modo necesario con las propiedades estéticas. Se analizan los elementos centrales de los que dependen estas definiciones y se muestra su carácter problemático. Asimismo, se hace patente su vinculación con algunos intentos de ofrecer un enfoque intercultural y universalista de las artes y se concluye que, si bien las propiedades estéticas tienen una gran importancia en la teorización sobre las artes, es necesario tomarlas (...) no tanto como elementos esenciales cuanto como propiedades en sentido aristotélico. (shrink)

This book offers a theoretical and practical overview of the specific ethical and legal issues in pediatric organ transplantation. Written by a team of leading experts, Ethical Issues in Pediatric Organ Transplantation addresses those difficult ethical questions concerning clinical, organizational, legal and policy issues including donor, recipient and allocation issues. Challenging topics, including children as donors, donation after cardiac death, misattributed paternity, familial conflicts of interest, developmental disability as a listing criteria, small bowel transplant, and considerations in navigating the media (...) are discussed. It serves as a fundamental handbook and resource for pediatricians, transplant health care professionals, trainees, graduate students, scholars, practitioners of bioethics and health policy makers. (shrink)

Background Consent policies for post-mortem organ procurement (OP) vary throughout Europe, and yet no studies have empirically evaluated the ethical implications of contrasting consent models. To fill this gap, we introduce a novel indicator of governance quality based on the ideal of informed support, and examine national differences on this measure through a quantitative survey of OP policy informedness and preferences in seven European countries. -/- Methods Between 2017–2019, we conducted a convenience sample survey of students (n = 2006) in (...) Austria (AT), Belgium (BE), Denmark (DK), Germany (DE), Greece (GR), Slovenia (SI) and Spain (ES), asking participants about their donation preferences, as well as their beliefs and views about the policy in place. From these measures, we computed indices of informedness, policy support, and fulfilment of unexpressed preferences, which we compared across countries and consent systems. -/- Results Our study introduces a tool for analyzing policy governance in the context of OP. Wide variation in policy awareness was observed: Most respondents in DK, DE, AT and BE correctly identified the policy in place, while those in SI, GR and ES did not. Respondents in opt-out countries (AT, BE, ES and GR) tended to support the policy in place (with one exception, i.e., SI), whereas those in opt-in countries (DE and DK) overwhelmingly opposed it. These results reveal stark differences in governance quality across countries and consent policies: We found a preponderance of informed opposition in opt-in countries and a general tendency towards support–either informed or uninformed–in opt-out countries. We also found informed divergence in opt-in countries and a tendency for convergence–either informed or uninformed–among opt-out countries. -/- Conclusion Our study offers a novel tool for analyzing governance quality and illustrates, in the context of OP, how the strengths and weaknesses of different policy implementations can be estimated and compared using quantitative survey data. (shrink)

In this issue of the Report, James L. Bernat proposes an innovative and sophisticated distinction to justify the introduction of permanent cessation as a valid substitute standard for irreversible cessation in death determination. He differentiates two approaches to conceptualizing and determining death: the biological concept and the prevailing medical practice standard. While irreversibility is required by the biological concept, the weaker criterion of permanence, he claims, has always sufficed in the accepted standard medical practice to declare death. Bernat argues that (...) the medical practice standard may be acceptable on the ground that proving circulatory or brain permanence is sufficient to assure complete accuracy for death diagnosis. -/- The topic requires public deliberation: processes to survey people's opinions and mechanisms to channel their opinions into policy-making. What is at stake is the nature of our society. Do we want an expertocracy, in which an enlightened few design policies for the greater good of the majority and exploit the lack of public knowledge to achieve compliance? (shrink)

In the philosophy of art, the relationship between art and emotion is often affirmed, especially from the perspective of the so called “expressivist theories”, some of which argue that artworks embody emotions, while others claim that they express, arouse or communicate them. But the appeal to emotions is neither necessary nor sufficient to define art. Notwithstanding, the connection between both of them is important enough to attempt to reconcile theoretically art and emotion, following Collingwood, as well as opening paths for (...) the consideration of the relationship between art and moods. (shrink)

En el presente texto trato de mostrar el cambio que ha supuesto para el concepto de belleza poner en paralelo los conceptos de lo bello y lo sublime en el mundo moderno. Me centro de modo especial en la pérdida del potencial revelatorio adjudicado a la belleza por el pensamiento platónico y sus herederos y en la transferencia de esta capacidad al concepto de lo sublime de Kant en adelante, si bien reducida esta capacidad al espacio inmanente. Ese cambio tendrá (...) una influencia radical en otra serie de conceptos básicos del arte, entre ellos, el de genio. (shrink)

Along 19th and 20th centuries, art became a sort of new religion, sometimes coexisting peacefully with the institutional one, sometimes trying to provide what the institutional religion was not able to provide any more. Nowadays, art has adopted many of the solutions, topics and theories that theology has handled since it was born. Arthur C. Danto treats art as a reality whose history is over (and so, a escathological reality) and also as a metaxological (metaxy=between) reality dwelling between two realms. (...) Thus, we cannot decide by pure perceptive means whether something is art or not. This consideration has important consequences for art theory. (shrink)

Resumen: En el presente texto trato de mostrar el cambio que ha supuesto para el concepto de belleza poner en paralelo los conceptos de lo bello y lo sublime en el mundo moderno. Me centro de modo especial en la pérdida del potencial revelatorio adjudicado a la belleza por el pensamiento platónico y sus herederos y en la transferencia de esta capacidad al concepto de lo sublime de Kant en adelante, si bien reducida esta capacidad al espacio inmanente. Ese cambio (...) tendrá una influencia radical en otra serie de conceptos básicos del arte, entre ellos, el de genio.: In this paper I try to show the change the concept of beauty has gone through when it has run parallel to the concept of the sublime in the modern world. I focus particularly on the loss of the revelatory potential attributed to the beauty by the Platonic thought and its heirs, and on the transfer of this capacity to the concept of the sublime from Kant onwards, although this capacity will be reduced to the immanent space. This change will have a radical influence on a series of basic concepts of art, among them, that of genius. (shrink)